Telematics

The word Telematics is an amalgamation of the German words “Telekomunikaton” (telecommunication) and “infomatik” (information). It is the blending of computers and wireless telecommunications technologies, ostensibly the goal of efficiently conveying information over vast networks to improve a host of business functions or government-related public services. The most notable example of Telematics may be the Internet itself, since it depends on a number of computer networks connected globally through telecommunication backbones.

Telematics is the combination of telecommunications and new information technology. It has both a hardware component, such as cabling, computers, digitalisation and application components, and incorporates services provided by this new combination of telecommunication and information technology.

Telematics gives four new types of opportunity in the field of of information

Access to large quantities of information

Access to information of higher quality

Access to information over any distance, including global distances

Very rapid access to information

Tyre Threading

A tyre is a cushion provided with an automobile wheel. It consists of mainly the outer tyre and the inner tube. The air inside the tube carries the entire load and provides the cushion.

The functions of a tyre are

1. To support the vehicle load
2. To provide cushion against shocks
3. To transmit driving and braking forces on the road
4. To provide cornering power for smooth steering

Thread Patterns

1. Rib Shape

2. Lug Shape

3. Rib-Lug Shape

4. Block shape

5. Asymmetric Pattern

6. Directional Pattern

Triptronic Automatic Gear Transmission

Tiptronic transmission is the latest innovation in the field of automatic power transmission systems, which combines the both worlds of transmissions, manual and automatic. In this mode tiptronic offers a choice of five different gear patterns ranging from economy to sport Porsche introduced tiptronic transmission in their sports cars.

Types of power transmission

There are 4 types of transmission

1. Automatic

2. Semi Automatic

3. Manual transmission

4. Constantly variable transmission

The principle behind this type transmission is one of being an automatic but with no real gear selection capabilities. One such type was known as variomatic transmission. It relied on centrifugal forces throwing out bob weight within a pulley assembly and drive belts drove the whole lot.

Gasoline direct injection or GDI

Gasoline direct injection or GDI is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern four stroke petrol engines. The gasoline or biobutanol is injected right into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, as opposed to conventional multi point fuel injection that happens in the intake manifold.

GDI enables stratified charge (ultra lean burn) combustion for improved fuel efficiency and emission levels at low load. Further improving efficiency and high-load output-power, the engine power is governed by modulating fuel injection, like a diesel engine; as opposed to restricting intake airflow, like a conventional gas internal combustion engine.

Valvetronic

The Valvetronic system is the first variable valve timing system to offer continuously variable timing (on both intake and exhaust camshafts) along with continuously variable intake valve lift, from ~0 to 10 mm, on the intake camshaft only. Valvetronic-equipped engines are unique in that they rely on the amount of valve lift to throttle the engine rather than a butterfly valve in the intake tract. In other words, in normal driving, the 'gas pedal' controls the Valvetronic hardware rather than the throttle plate

First introduced by BMW on the 316ti compact in 2001, Valvetronic has since been added to many of BMW's engines. The Valvetronic system is coupled with BMW's proven double-VANOS, to further enhance both power and efficiency across the engine speed range. Valvetronic will not be coupled to BMW's N53 and N54, 'High Precision Injection' (gasoline direct injection) technology due to lack of room in the cylinder head.

Cylinder heads with Valvetronic use an extra set of rocker arms, called intermediate arms (lift scaler), positioned between the valve stem and the camshaft. These intermediate arms are able to pivot on a central point, by means of an extra, electronicly actuated camshaft. This movement alone, without any movement of the intake camshaft, can open or close the intake valves.

Because the intake valves now have the ability to move from fully closed to fully open positions, and everywhere in between, the primary means of engine load control is transferred from the throttle plate to the intake valvetrain. By eliminating the throttle plate's 'bottleneck' in the intake track, pumping losses are reduced, fuel economy and responsiveness are improved

VANOS (Variable Nockenwellen Steuerung)

VANOS (Variable Nockenwellen Steuerung) is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by BMW in close collaboration with Continental Teves. VANOS varies the duration of the intake valves by moving the position of the camshafts in relation to the drive gear. This movement varies from 6degrees of advanced to 6degrees of retarded camshaft timing. BMW recently began offering 'double' VANOS, which operates on the exhaust camshaft as well, on a number of its cars.

Ball valve

A ball valve (like the butterfly valve, one of a family of valves called quarter turn valves) is a valve that opens by turning a handle attached to a ball inside the valve. The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle position lets you 'see' the valve's position.

Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse. They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often preferred to globe valves and gate valves for this purpose). They do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are sometimes used for this purpose.

The body of ball valves may be made of metal, ceramic, or plastic. The ball may be chrome plated to make it more durable.

There are three general types of ball valves: full port, standard port, and reduced port.

• A full port ball valve has an oversized ball so that the hole in the ball is the same size as the pipeline resulting in lower friction loss. Flow is unrestricted, but the valve is larger.

• A standard port ball valve is usually less expensive, but has a smaller ball and a correspondingly smaller port. Flow through this valve is one pipe size smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in slightly restricted flow.

• In reduced port ball valves, flow through the valve is two pipe sizes smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in restricted flow.

A trunnion ball valve has a mechanical means of anchoring the ball at the top and the bottom